Management concept
It is realized that no definition of management has been universally developed and the exact meaning of management is not yet developed. Therefore, to define management is very difficult task. Many management experts have define management in their own ways and needs.
Among the management experts, the definition of management given by Mary Parker Follett is very popular and simple. According to her,"management is the art of getting things done through others".
Similarly, George R. Terry has elaborate the definition of management. He says that management is a distinct process consisting of planing, organizing, activating and controlling performed to determine and accomplish the objectives by the use of people and resources.
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The concept of management can be studied in different perspective which are given below:
1.Functional concept: This concept is related with the functions of managers.According to this concept, management is meant what managers does.
2.Human relation concept: Human relation concept is concerned with an art of getting things done through others. According to this concept, management is meant to perform the organizational activities through the human resources.
3.Leadership and decision making concept: Leadership and decision making aspect of the management of an enterprise is related with this concept. Accordingly, this concept is meant as art and science of decision making and leadership.
4.Productive concept: Productive concept is related with increasing in productivity. According to productive concept, management is considered as an art of increasing productivity of the enterprise.
5.Management as a discipline: Management is also perceived as a discipline. This term management is considered as a specialized knowledge giving idea regarding the study and use of certain principles laid down by the management theory.
6.Management as a noun: Generally, management is the collective noun which consists of board of directors, management committee, managerial directors and supervisors. Management as a noun refers to those all managerial personal, working staffs of an organization who are engaged in and taking responsibility of formulating plan and policies, supervising, organizing and controlling the task of the subordinates to achieve the organizational goals.
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Nature/Characteristics/Features of Management
The main features of management are described below:
a.Management as a group activity: Its the main character of management. Management refers to group efforts. Management becomes necessary where there is a group of people work together to attain the common goals. Therefore, to achieve the predetermined objectives of an organization, group effort is necessary.
b.Management as a universal activity: In every human activity, management is important. Management is required in all types of organization. Thus, management is pervasive in nature.
c.Management is a distinct process: To determine the accomplishment of the objective and continue till the objectives are achieved, management is required. Thus, management is a distinct process.
d.Management is both art and science: Generally, the result of management depends upon the capability and skill of managers so, management is an art. Management is also a science because it is based on principles which are universally applicable.
e.Management is a goal oriented: To achieve certain goals of an organization, management is practiced. Management functions help to utilize the available resources of organization like human resource, capital etc in efficient way. Thus, management is a goal oriented.
f.Management as a profession: Now a days, management has become profession. Because of the establishment of principles of management, management has become profession. Management became a systematic and specialized body of knowledge, principles and techniques which can be taught as well as applied in practice.
g.Management is a social process: Management is a social process because it perform its activities in society and utilize the social resources. Management is an art of getting things done through others. So, while dealing with others, the effort of human resource have to be directed.
h.Management is dynamic: Management is not static and it has to be performed regularly. Management depends upon environment, where environment is dynamic. Thus, management is performed in changing environment.
Management and Administration
Management and Administration are the two words which are frequently practice in the management studies. In the field of 'Business Studies' some where 'Business Management' is used and in others 'Business Administration' is used. Because of this, sometimes they create confusion. Among the authorities some considered management and administration as different. The views and opinions of different authorities are:
1.Management and administration are different functions: Under this concept high importance is given to administration. According to this concept, administration is concerned with the formulation of broad objectives, goals of the organization and formulation of plans and policies for the organization. On the other hand, management is related to implement, regulate and direct the business activities so as to obtain the organizational goals.
2.Management is a wider term that includes administration: Some of the management experts claim that management is a wider term which is widely applicable. They believe that management is administration plus entrepreneurship, where administration is just an implementing agency.
3.Management and administration are one: There are some management experts who believe that management and administration are one. According to this concept,both management and administration are involved in the same objectives, mission, purpose and practically they do not differ.
Thus, from above description, the role of management and administration can be shown in given diagram:
Differences between Administration and Management
Here the differences between Administration and Management are explained below:
1.Nature of function: Generally, administration is formulation of objectives and decision making in nature whereas, management is operational and executive in nature.
2.Types of work: Administration is related with the determination of objective, plans and policies of an organization. It concerned with policy making. Whereas management takes and activates the policies and plans into action laid down by administration. It is concerned with implementation.
3.Level of authority: Administration is concerned with a top level of activity of an organization. Management is an operative level of the organization.
4.Ability: Administration requires only administrative quality but management requires both administrative and technical ability.
5.Main function: Planning and organizing are the main functions of administration and motivating controlling and directing are the main function of management.
6.Use: Administration term is mostly use in public and government sectors whereas management term is widely use in private sectors.
7.Decision making: By considering public opinion and government policies, administration takes decision whereas decision making of management is influenced by opinions and skills of managers.
8.Status of performer: Administrative group consists of owners who invest capital and participate in profit in the form of dividend but management personnel consists of paid employees with specialized knowledge to perform the task.
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Functions of Management
Management and business organization are unseperable. Business organization without management and management without business organization are useless and cannot exist. In an organization, management plays vital role. Generally, management functions make management important. So, lets us discuss all the managerial functions:
1.Planning: Planning is primary and basic function of management. It is the process of deciding future course of action. It is also concerned with the determination of organizational goals and objectives to be achieved. Planning is related with decisions and give rise to some questions that what to do, when to do,how to do, who will do a particular task . Thus, it clears that planning is thinking before doing.
Planning is concerned with future action. Planners should consider past and present information while preparing plans. Good and quality plan depends upon the quality , capacity, skill, knowledge and broad vision of the planner. So it suggest that the planner must be well educated, skillful, experienced and capable to take good and quick decision.
2.Organizing: This function of management is related with the allocation and managing the resources like men, money, time, materials as per the need of time and work so that proper utilization could be made possible. According to management experts, 'organizing is the process of identifying and grouping the work to be performed and delegating responsibility and authority and establishing relationship for the purpose of enabling people to work most effectively in finishing objectives.
3.Staffing: Staffing is related with human resource planning. It concerned with the process of employing new staffs in right place at right time. Similarly, it is related to determination of manpower requirement, their recruitment, selection and training. Further it also involves employees promotion, their transfer, remuneration and job satisfaction.
4.Directing: It is one of the function of management, which brings management into action. It is action oriented. It is the act of giving order or guidelines to the staffs for achieving the organizational goals. While directing to staffs, management should consider the basic principle of communication, good relation and leadership so that the managers and staffs have good co-ordination and relations which help to achieve organizational goals.
5. Communicating: An effective communication is necessary for the success of an organization. Two way communication is very important for an organization. Communication is the process of exchanging information to keep good relations between the management and the staffs so that the organizational goals could be achieved.
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