CONCEPT OF MOTIVATION
Before entering into the definition of motivation, it is better to know about the concept of motivation. The term motivation is derived from English word Motive which is borrowed from the Latin word-"Movere". The meaning of Movere is to move. Generally, motives is the drives, needs, desire, wants or impulses.
In management, motivation is human factor. Motivation relates with that internal force which directs the people to act in a particular way to get something or satisfy their needs. Because of this a manager feels some short of challenge to motivate the people in their respective job. Similarly, to get the worked performed is not a easy task. But it is the duty of manager to make the people to work as per the direction given by him.
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Definition
Some of the definitions given by management experts are explained bellow:
Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard-"Motives are sometimes defined as needs, wants, drives or impulses within the individual".
Dale S. Beach-"Motivation can be defined as a willingness to expand energy to achieve a goal or reward".
Carrol Shartle-"Motivation is a reported urge or tension to move in a given direction or to achieve a certain goals".
Most of the management experts have given more emphasis upon the motives, drives, desires, needs and wants of the people.Therefore, motivation may be considered as the act of inspiring the subordinates by the superior or manager on behalf of the enterprise to engage them in gainful works. Motivation is based upon a chain in which the needs are recognized and man comes in action through which he satisfies his needs.
Natures/Features/Characteristics of Motivation
The nature of motivation can be defined in following manner:
1.Psychological concept: Motivation is related to mental state of a person. So, motivation is a psychological aspect. Psychology is a mental condition which arises in the mind of a person and directs to act in a particular way. Motivation is related with the needs and motives which generate within an individual. It is the function of management which encourages the capable person to do work with his maximum efficiency. A man having physical, mental and technical capability may not be ready to work properly. But motivation techniques encourage to work with great efficiency.
2.Never ending process: Motivation is important till the existence of the management. It is an unending process. It is dynamic in nature. The needs of a person arise continuously one after another. For instance- a man satisfies one want or one set of wants and after getting satisfaction again he feels another want and tries to satisfy the same. As desires, wants, needs, and motives are dynamic and changes occur frequently, the motivation too should be considered as dynamic.
3.Related to human resources: Motivation is related to human resources and needs. It is concerned with the feelings, desires, motives and needs of a man. Ofcourse, a man may be motivated but we cannot motivate other factors of production or resources like capital, land and machine.
4.Cause and effect of human satisfaction: A man works to fulfill his own motive. Wants, desires, environment, condition, attitude,thought or experiences are the several causes which may encourage a man to work to get satisfaction. Thus, motivation is the cause and effect of human satisfaction.
5.Total individual motivation: Generally, an individual is found being motivated and satisfied as a whole. An individual is a whole. He cannot be seperated. If a person gets wound in his hand or leg, after medicine, he cannot say that the hand/leg is satisfied and cures, not me, rather he feels the satisfaction as a whole.
6.Inspiration and encouragement: To motivate the people is a very difficult task and responsibility of a manager because he is responsible to inspire and encourage the subordinates in work in such a way that they could perform their job in efficient way.
7.Complex and unpredictable: Motivation is not that simple, it is very complex. No one can determine, explain and predict the behaviour of person as the desire, drives and attitudes are changed frequently in a varying situation and circumstances.
8.Positive and negative motivation: Motivation may be positive or negative on the part of employer. Positive motivation is concerned with the use of incentives like increase in salary, allowances, grant of reward, promotion etc. Whereas, negative motivation includes forcing people to work by holding out threats or punishment such as loss of job, demotion, deduction of salary etc.
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Process Of Motivation
Above figure shows that the motivation process begins with needs(a kind of deficiency) and needs creates tension. Only after the satisfaction of the needs, a person will be relaxed from the tension. In order to fulfill needs, a person searches for ways which may give satisfaction. Then he will begin to work hard to earn more so that present needs could be satisfied and future needs could be managed too.
Individual Needs/Human Needs
Motivation is the process to satisfy a want and satisfaction is experienced when the outcome has been achieved. Motivation is a technique to satisfy a want or goal. It is determined in the mind of a person when he feels desire or needs or wants. Thus, it is concerned with the individual or human process. Different individuals have different needs, that too subject to be changed in different situation and circumstances.
Human motives are totally based upon their needs. Due to some motive, an individual acts in a particular manner. Generally, needs means something lacking and to acquire that a man may be motivated to work. So, a manager should try to understand the needs, desire or wants of the staffs so as to motivate them in a work. Besides, he should also try to understand the objectives, mission and values of the employees.
There is no doubt about the human needs are of variety in number and nature both. Similarly, these all needs create tension in the mind of an individual which may motivate them to work and acquire some solution and they are not simple. Satisfaction of needs may help an individual to be free from tensions. We all know that needs differ from individual to individual and in the same individual from time to time. So, from the above explanation, individual/human needs can be classified in the following manner:
1.Primary/innate needs: Different individuals may have different needs or wants. These needs inborn needs which develop within oneself. All these needs are physiological needs in nature and are known as food, water, air, shelter, etc. These needs are also called basic needs and are very important of the preservation of a human life.
2.Secondary/acquired needs: These needs are also known as other than physiological needs. An individual may have other needs and wants and these needs differ individual to individual. Generally, these needs are related to mind and spirit rather than to the physiology of life and are felt by the person is his social life.
Importance Of Motivation
Motivation has become very effective tools to achieve organizational goals and manager has to use this tool to motivate or inspire the staff member in their respective job in such a manner that they could work effectively and efficiently. Motivation is important to both organization and individual. So, following are some of the importance of motivation:
1.Higher productivity: Through the motivation techniques an organization can easily achieve higher level of productivity because by motivating the subordinates, a manager can encourage them to work with great efficiency and if works are performed efficiently, it will lead an organization to increase total production and productivity.
2.Utilization of factors of production: In an organization, human resource is one of the important resources. And if this resource is properly utilized then only other factors, rather can be utilized properly. Motivation makes human resource work sincerely and performing the given task efficiently. If employees work efficiently then only there will be possibility of utilizing of other factors of production properly and that too in maximum.
3.Best remedy for resistance to changes: The changes in an organization and its working styles are usual phenomenon because organization changes in its production technology, marketing process and even due to environmental changes, many changes occur on the organization. But, if they are properly and timely motivated and managers give knowledge and inspiration, they will accept the changes even more enthusiastically.
4.Higher morale of personnel: Motivation increases the working efficiency of the workers. The workers having higher morale are asserted as the assets or the organization. By lowering turnover rate and keeping the absenteeism low, a motivated employee can contribute the organization.
5.Healthy industrial relation: Motivation helps to create healthy industrial relation within the organization. The relation of management and trade union will be very friendly.
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Maslow's Need Hierarchy Theory
Many learned authorities have propounded several Human Motivation Theories. Some of the motivation theories and the name of the propounders are given below:
a.The expectancy theory -Victor H. Vroom
b.Equity theory -J. Stacy Adams
c.Need theory of motivation -David C. McClelland
d.Two factor theory -Frederick Herzberg
Among the above mentioned theories, the hierarchy of needs theory which is also known as Maslow's Need Hierarchy Theory is most popular and widely accepted theory. This theory is based on the needs of the people which appears in a distinct way. Maslow's saw human needs in the form of hierarchy, ascending from the lowest to highest.
Maslow's theory is based on the following assumption and are described below:
1.Unlimited wants: Human wants are unlimited and never ending. After one of his wants satisfied, another appears in its place. Again, to satisfy another wants, a man engages himself in work.
2.Unsatisfied needs is a motivator: Man will lose his willingness to work and his capacity too, if needs are satisfied. So, it is only unsatisfied needs which may encourage or motivate the staff to perform the job.
3.Hierarchy of importance: It is easy to determine the most important to less important needs. It says that needs can be classified according to priority and they can be arranged in priority according to a hierarchy of importance.
The basic human needs placed by Maslow in an ascending order of importance can be illustrated as under:
Those all are described here under:
1.Physiological needs: These needs are the primary and the basic needs for food, water, air, clothing and shelter that are must be satisfied before the individual can consider higher order needs. For instance, a hungry person possessed by the need to obtain food, ignores other needs. After the satisfaction of physiological needs, other needs enter. Thus, these needs are generally satisfied by providing adequate salary, wages etc.
2.Safety and security needs: It is the second level needs in Maslow hierarchy theory which include security, protection from physical harm and avoidance of the unexpected risk of loss. Virtually, these needs are concerned with physical safety and economic security. For eg. saving accounts, life insurance, membership of health club etc.
3.Social needs: Human beings are social animals and they are social in nature. A man lives in society, loves society,believe in society, learns from society and gets from society. Being social, he gains experiences from the society and thus feels some needs. These needs include belongingness, friendship, love and affection etc. A manager should know these needs and manage well to motivate the employees.
4.Esteem or ego needs: These needs are of two types: (a) self esteem and (b) public esteem. Self esteem means esteem to the eye of self which in the eye of public as praise, power, prestige, appreciation, recognition etc. These all needs are concerned with one's prestige and respect of an individual.
5.Self-actualization needs: It is the top level of needs in Maslow's need hierarchy theory. It is concerned with the need for fulfillment, for realizing one's own potential, for using one's talents and capabilities totally. These needs are also known as self prestige, self achievement and self confidence. This self actualization needs are most difficult to the manager to identify and focus.
Positive and Negative Motivation
Motivation is the process of inspiring, encouraging and inducing the employees towards their jobs for the attainment of the objectives. The motivation can be classified mainly into four groups and they are:
-Financial and non financial motivation
-Individual and group motivation
-Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
-Positive and negative motivation
From the above mentioned classes of motivation, positive and negative motivation is taken for our discussion:
Positive Motivation
It is the process in which a manager attempts to influence the employees behavior in such a way which could enhance the courage and zeal towards the job. It is concerned with the incentives such as increase in salary, allowances, benefits, provision of promotion, rewards and others; achievement such as, praise, encouragement, acceptance by group and respect by the management. Similarly, positive motivation may be financial or non-financial or individual or group motivation.
Negative motivation
It is an act of forcing the staff members to work by holding out threats or punishment such as reprimands, disciplinary actions, demotion, loss of job, deduction of salary etc. Any kind of deterioration may be included in negative motivation.
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